Structure and transport in flowering plants.

Flowering plants are the most advanced type of plants.

The main functions of the parts of a flowering plant are :
-Roots anchor the plant and take in water and minerals.
-Stems support and transport materials to the upper parts of the plant.
-Leaves make food, exchange gases and allow water to pass out.
-Buds are future growth points.
-Flowers produce seeds for reproduction.

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant.

Most transpiration takes place through openings called stomata on the underside of leaves.

The flow of water from the roots to the stems and into the leaves is called the transpiration stream.

Transpiration:
-Supplies water to the leaves for photosynthesis.
-Supplies minerals to the leaves.
-Helps cool plants.

Minerals enter a plant dissolved in water.
Minerals pass around the plant dissolved in water.

Food is transported from the leaves to the other growth areas in a system of tubes.

Xylem transports water and minerals.
Phloem transports food.

Food

Food is needed for energy, growth, repair and to prevent diseases.

A balanced diet consists of the right amounts of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.

The functions of the main food constituents are:
-Carbohydrates give energy.
-Fat stores energy and insulates.
-Proteins make and repair body parts.
-Vitamin C keeps your skin and gums healthy.
-Vitamin D helps to form strong bones.
-Minerals such as iron form red blood.
-Calcium forms healthy bones,
-Water allows cells to function properly.

Fats have twice the energy value of carbohydrates
or protein.

A food pyramid suggests the daily number of servings of each of the five food groups.

Cells and the microscope.

The main parts in plant and animal cells are:
-The cell membrane which controls what passes in or out of the cell.
-The nucleus which controls the cell.
-Cytoplasm which carries out many cell reactions.

Plant cell have three features not present in animal cell:
-A cell wall for strength.
-A large vacuole for storage.
-Chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Organisms are organised into:
Cells- Tissues- Organs- Systems- Organisms.

A microscope is used to view small objects in detail.
The parts of a microscope:
-Eyepiece
-Focus knobs
-Nose piece
-Objective
-Stage
-Diaphragm
-Mirror.

Living things.

Biology is the study of living things.


Living things have the following seven characteristics:
-Nutrition
-Respiration
-Excretion
-Growth
-Reproduction
-movement
-Response

The main differences between animals and plants are:
-Animals move from place to place but plants do not.
-Animals take in food but plants make their own
-Animal cell do not have a cell wall but plants do have a cell wall

Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones.
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone.